Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.
Open Access

APPLICATION RESEARCH OF BOPPPS TEACHING MODEL BASED ON OBE CONCEPT SPOC PLATFORM IN HIGHER VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE NURSING COURSE

Download as PDF

Volume 4, Issue 1, Pp 35-45, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61784/wjes3124

Author(s)

WenWen Shi, HaiYing Yin, MengMi Lu*

Affiliation(s)

Department of Nursing, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China.

Corresponding Author

MengMi Lu

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the implementation of a hybrid teaching model—integrating the BOPPPS framework within a SPOC platform under the guidance of the OBE concept—in internal medicine nursing courses at higher vocational colleges. Methods: The 2022 and 2023 higher vocational nursing students (here in after referred to as nursing students) from a university in Baise City, Guangxi were selected by cluster sampling method as the research subjects. The intervention group (n=236 implemented hybrid teaching based on the BOPPPS teaching model with the help of the SPOC platform, and the control group (n=216) adopted conventional teaching methods. The autonomous learning ability, critical thinking and test scores of the two groups of nursing students were compared. Results: The autonomous learning ability, critical thinking and test scores of the nursing students in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The hybrid teaching based on the BOPPPS teaching model under the SPOC platform based on the OBE concept has a positive effect on improving the autonomous learning ability, critical thinking ability and test scores of nursing students.

KEYWORDS

OBE; BOPPPS; SPOC; Internal medicine nursing; Higher vocational colleges

CITE THIS PAPER

WenWen Shi, HaiYing Yin, MengMi Lu. Application research of BOPPPS teaching model based on OBE concept SPOC platform in higher vocational education: a case study of internal medicine nursing course. World Journal of Educational Studies. 2026, 4(1): 35-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61784/wjes3124.

REFERENCES

[1] Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. China’s vocational education changes amid push for new quality productive forces. The State Council of the People's Republic of China. 2024. https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202411/23/content_WS6741110cc6d0868f4e8ed56d.html.

[2] General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, & General Office of the State Council. Opinions on deepening the reform of the modern vocational education system. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. 2022. https://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/moe_1777/moe_1778/202212/t20221222_1035691.html.

[3] Central Committee of the Communist Party of China & State Council. China Education Modernization 2035. Gazette of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 2019(Z1): 2–5. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/moe_364/202303/t20230323_1052484.html.

[4] Spady W G. Outcome-Based Education: A Comprehensive Framework for School Improvement. American Association of School Administrators, 1981.

[5] Mahrishi M, Ramakrishna S, Hosseini S, et al. A systematic literature review of the global trends of outcome-based education (OBE) in higher education with an SDG perspective related to engineering education. Discover Sustainability, 2025, 6: 620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01496-z.

[6] Wang X, Li T, Zhang D, et al. SPOC (Small Private Online Course)-infused flipped classroom: a promising approach to address knowledge lag and practice gaps in infectious diseases teaching. Frontiers in medicine, 2025, 12: 1702681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1702681.

[7] Wang J Y, Yang C H, Liao W C, et al. Highly Engaged Video-Watching Pattern in Asynchronous Online Pharmacology Course in Pre-clinical 4th-Year Medical Students Was Associated With a Good Self-Expectation, Understanding, and Performance. Frontiers in medicine, 2022, 8: 799412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.799412.

[8] Zhang B, Duan A, Lan J, et al. Application of the BOPPPS teaching model in the teaching of introduction to nursing course. BMC nursing, 2025, 24(1): 1223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03880-6.

[9] Liu J, Omar SZ, Wang Y, et al. BOPPPS model implementation and students’performance: a systematic literature review. Frontiers in Education, 2025, 9: 1467225. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1467225.

[10] Caetano R. Standards for reporting non-randomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2024, 99(9): 1075–1080. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00785.x.

[11] Zhang X Y. Development and current status investigation of an assessment tool for self-directed learning ability. Doctoral dissertation, China Medical University, 2007.

[12] Song J Y. Establishment and empirical research of an evaluation index system for clinical thinking ability of medical students. Master’s thesis, Qingdao University, 2015.

[13] Papathanasiou I V, Kleisiaris C F, Fradelos E C, et al. Critical thinking: the development of an essential skill for nursing students. Acta informatica medica : AIM : journal of the Society for Medical Informatics of Bosnia & Herzegovina: casopis Drustva za medicinsku informatiku BiH, 2014, 22(4): 283–286. https://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2014.22.283-286.

[14] Mlambo M, Silén C, McGrath C. Lifelong learning and nurses' continuing professional development, a metasynthesis of the literature. BMC nursing, 2021, 20(1): 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00579-2.               

[15] Hendekci A. Innovation, Curiosity, Exploration, and Critical Thinking Dispositions of Nursing Students Who Have and Have Not Taken an Innovative Thinking Course. Nursing & health sciences, 2025, 27(2): e70127. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.70127.

[16] Rouhi-Balasi L, Elahi N, Ebadi A, et al. Professional Autonomy of Nurses: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis Study. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 2020, 25(4): 273–281. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_213_19.

[17] Nazari A M, Abbaszadeh A, Kazemi R, et al. Design and validation of a comprehensive educational program for stroke nursing care: a mixed methods study. BMC medical education, 2025, 25(1): 1056. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07623-8. 

[18] Ernst T. Backward design in competency-based medical education. Saint Louis University School of Medicine. 2024. https://medicine.slu.edu/cedar/posts/backward-design-competency-based-medical-education.

[19] O'Shea E. Self-directed learning in nurse education: a review of the literature. Journal of advanced nursing, 2003, 43(1): 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365- 2648.2003.02673.x.

[20] Knowles M S. Self-directed learning: a guide for learners and teachers. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 1975, 7(3): 60.

[21] Zhang B, Duan A, Lan J, et al. Application of the BOPPPS teaching model in the teaching of introduction to nursing course. BMC nursing, 2025, 24(1): 1223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03880-6.

[22] Wang X, Li T, Zhang D, et al. SPOC (Small Private Online Course)-infused flipped classroom: a promising approach to address knowledge lag and practice gaps in infectious diseases teaching. Frontiers in medicine, 2025, 12: 1702681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1702681.

[23] Hamoen E C, De Jong P G M, Van Blankenstein F M, et al. Design and First Impressions of a Small Private Online Course in Clinical Workplace Learning: Questionnaire and Interview Study. JMIR medical education, 2022, 8(2): e29624. https://doi.org/10.2196/29624.

[24] Zeng J, Liu L, Tong X, et al. Application of blended teaching model based on SPOC and TBL in dermatology and venereology. BMC medical education, 2021, 21(1): 606. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03042-7.

[25] Wang S, Yang D, Zhao W, et al. The combination of a SPOC with evaluative interactive learning in dental adhesion education: a comparison with a lecture-based learning mode. BMC medical education, 2025, 25(1): 667. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07261-0.

[26] Zhou X, Yu G, Li X, et al. The application and influence of "Small Private Online Course" based on flipped classroom teaching model in the course of fundamental operations in surgery in China. Scientific reports, 2024, 14(1): 375. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50580-9.

[27] Shen Y. The application of the BOPPPS model in the ward rounds of nurses' standardized training in Southwest China: a mixed methods study. Frontiers in medicine, 2024, 11: 1276652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1276652. 

[28] Zhu J, Xiao H, Zhou R, et al. The efficacy of the BOPPPS teaching model in clinical and health education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC medical education, 2025, 25(1): 997. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07274-9.

[29] Huang R, Annamalai N. Seeking the optimal SPOC-based blended learning approach to enhance deep learning from the community of inquiry perspective. Contemporary Educational Technology, 2024, 16(4): ep537. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/15574.

[30] Huang L, Zhang X, Wang F, et al. The relationship between reflective ability and professional identity: the mediating effect of self-directed learning and self-efficacy for junior clinical nurses. BMC nursing, 2024, 23(1): 858. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02534-3.

[31] Ghofrani M, Valizadeh L, Zamanzadeh V, et al. Baccalaureate nursing education institutions' key performance indicators: a review of the existing indicators and qualitative analysis of expert interviews. BMC nursing, 2023, 22(1): 357. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01484-6.

[32] Xu Z, Ge L, He W, et al. Developing a BOPPPS (Bridge-in, Objectives, Pre-assessment, Participatory Learning, Post-assessment and Summary) model combined with the OBE (Outcome Based Education) concept to improve the teaching outcomes of higher education. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 2024, 11: 1001. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03519-y.

[33] Mahrishi M, Ramakrishna S, Hosseini S, et al. A systematic literature review of the global trends of outcome-based education (OBE) in higher education with an SDG perspective related to engineering education. Discover Sustainability, 2025, 6: 620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01496-z.

[34] Lkhagvaa K, Tsogbadrakh B, Gochoosuren G, et al. The effect of outcome-based education on clinical performance and perception of pediatric care of the third-year nursing students in Mongolia. PloS one, 2024, 19(6): e0305298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305298. 

All published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. sitemap
Copyright © 2017 - 2026 Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.   All Rights Reserved.